How to estimate the market value of my property?
Estimating value using the Income Approach
Estimating value using the Direct Comparison Approach
Estimating value using the Cost Approach
Property Valuation Summary sample
Introduction
You have filed an appeal of a commercial or industrial property with the Property Assessment Appeal Board. This Guide will help you understand the common appeal issues for commercial properties and the general techniques for valuing a property.
PLEASE BE AWARE:
- Given that estimating the value of a commercial property is usually complicated, this Guide does not cover all the steps in complete detail. This Guide is not intended to give you legal or appraisal advice.
- Some steps are quite technical and require specialized knowledge and skills. Many owners hire a trained specialist, such as an appraiser. It is completely your decision whether you hire a specialist to assist you.
Other Resources:
See the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for information on:
- Filing your appeal
- First steps and ways of settling your appeal
- Next steps if the appeal is not settled
Common Appeal Issues:
This section summarizes the following common issues:
- My assessment is not at market value.
- The description of the property is wrong.
- My assessment is not equitable (or fair) compared with the assessments of similar properties.
- My property is not in the correct class.
Also see the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for “What can I appeal and what can I not appeal?”
Issue #1: My Assessment is not at Market Value:
Your property should be assessed at its market value as of July 1st of the previous year (for example: July 1, 2019 for the 2020 assessment).
If you believe your assessment is either too high or too low, you should estimate its market value using accepted appraisal techniques. For valuing a commercial property you must take these steps:
- Determine the highest and best use of the property.
- Estimate its value using one or more of these techniques:
- Income Approach
- Direct Comparison Approach
- Cost Approach
- Reconcile the valuation approaches and conclude your estimate of market value.
See the below sections of this Guide for more information on these steps.
Issue #2: The description of the property is wrong
Sometimes property owners are concerned that their assessment is based on the wrong land or building sizes or incorrect condition. If you think BC Assessment’s description of your property is wrong, you should contact the local BC Assessment office to discuss your concerns and ask for a copy of the Property Value Summary.
Attached to this Guide is an example of a Property Value Summary which shows the details of your property in BC Assessment’s system and gives a brief explanation on how the property is assessed.
Land size:
If you and BC Assessment disagree on the land size, you should look for documents to confirm the correct area, such as:
- site survey done by a surveyor
- land survey from Land Titles or the taxing jurisdiction. The taxing jurisdiction is the city, municipality or district that sends you the property tax notice.
Building areas or gross leasable areas:
If you and BC Assessment disagree on the building area, you should look for documents such as:
- building plans from the building permit application (on file with taxing jurisdiction)
- building survey done by a surveyor.
Issue #3: My assessment is not equitable (or fair) compared with the assessments of other similar properties.
The Courts have interpreted equity to mean that your assessment should be set at the lower of either market value or an “equitable value”. Equitable value means if other similar properties are assessed below market value (on average), then your property is entitled to a similar level of assessment.
For example, you may agree that your property’s market value is $500,000. However, you have determined that similar commercial properties throughout your area are, on average, assessed at only 80% of their market value. In other words, these other properties are 20% under assessed. To be equitable, your property should also be assessed at 80% of its $500,000 market value, or $400,000.
Equity appeals are complicated because you must look at both the assessments and market values of similar properties. Often, you do not know the market values unless these properties have sold. Usually, it is not enough to pick one or two other properties because equity requires evidence of a more wide-spread unfairness in assessments.
A successful equity argument requires:
- Defining which properties are similar to yours. For example: should your property be compared to the entire municipality or to a smaller group of properties?
- Showing these other properties are assessed significantly below their market values (typically more than a few percent), whereas your property’s assessment is at its market value.
For more information, see the equity section of the Single Family Residential Guide. The basic steps are the same for commercial properties.
You will likely not be successful if you are just arguing that one input or aspect of your valuation is different from other property assessments. For example, saying BC Assessment used a capitalization rate of 4% on your property and 4.5% on other properties. Equity compares the total assessment (after applying all the elements of valuation). Therefore, the Board would likely not change your assessment based on this argument.
Issue #4: My property is not in the correct class:
Classification is based on the actual use of the property as at October 31 in the previous year (e.g. October 31, 2019 for the 2020 assessment).
The Prescribed Classes of Property Regulation establishes nine property classes:
- Class 1 — residential
- Class 2 — utilities
- Class 3 — supportive housing
- Class 4 — major industry
- Class 5 — light industry
- Class 6 — business and other
- Class 7 — managed forest land
- Class 8 — recreational property/non-profit organization
- Class 9 — farm
Most properties appealed to the Board are either Class 1 - residential or Class 6 - business and other.
Class 1 includes property “used for residential purposes”. Class 1 also includes land with no present use that is not zoned specifically or held for business, commercial or industrial purposes. Hotels and motels are generally excluded from Class 1.
Class 6 is a “catch all” category for properties not included in one of the other eight classes. If a property can fit within another class it must be put in that class. In practice, most office, retail and warehouse properties are in Class 6.
Properties that have different uses can have multiple classes, often called “split classification”. For example, if the property has retail on the ground floor and two levels of residential rental units, the property would be split between Class 6 and Class 1.
What documents do I need?
Depending on your appeal issue, the following documents will assist you in valuing your property. They will also help you discuss your concerns with BC Assessment and the Property Assessment Appeal Board.
Please see Practice Directive No. 2 –Disclosure Expectations in the Management of Commercial Appeals that sets out what documents are expected to be produced by the parties in commercial appeals.
Property Valuation Summary (PVS)
The Property Valuation Summary is a description of the property’s physical inventory and shows how BC Assessment valued the property for the assessment.
Where to go:
Zoning Bylaw
The zoning bylaw will identify what types of uses are allowed on a property, the density, building height and required parking. Find out what the zoning is for the property and review the bylaw.
Where to go:
- Planning Department at your taxing jurisdiction
Official Community Plan (OCP)
The OCP is a comprehensive plan that includes details on transportation, utilities, land use, recreation and housing. The future use of your property may be different from the current use and this may affect the highest and best use and the market value of your property.
Where go:
- Taxing jurisdiction (usually available on-line)
Site plan / Survey
A site plan or a land survey details the dimensions of the property.
Where to go:
- Land Titles Office
- Taxing jurisdiction
- Surveyor (hired privately)
Building plans
Building plans or a survey can provide the correct building area.
Where to go:
- Taxing jurisdiction (Building Department - from building permit drawings)
- In your files
Rent Roll (lease particulars)
If your property is rented, the rent you charge your tenants may be relevant for the value of the property. BC Assessment may ask you for details on the leases. These details are often provided in a document called the rent roll.
Where to go:
- In your files
Income and Expense Statement
If your property is rented, the income and expenses may be relevant for the value of your property. BC Assessment may ask for the income and expense statements for the property.
Where to go:
- In your files
Environmental Study
Contamination of a property can affect its market value. In order to have this considered, you need to provide an environmental review, which starts with a Phase 1 assessment. This is a visual inspection and review of the historical uses on the property. A Phase 1 assessment may not provide enough evidence of the extent of contamination and the costs to remedy the contamination. You may require a more detailed Phase 2 assessment.
Where to go:
- Environmental Consultant
Contractor Quotes for Repair
If your building needs repairs, you will need to provide the following:
- Evidence of the condition or damage (such as photographs)
- An estimate from a contractor for the repairs.
Remember: Your assessment is based on the condition of your property on October 31 of the previous year (for example: October 31, 2019 for your 2020 assessment).
Where to go:
- Demonstrate with your own documents
- Independent contactor
How to estimate the market value of my property?
The following sections will help you understand how to estimate the market value of your commercial property. These steps can be complicated. You may wish to obtain the assistance of a professional such as an appraiser. Whether you choose to seek professional assistance, and whom you rely on, is completely your decision.
There are three main steps:
- Determine the highest and best use for your property;
- Estimate the market value using one or more of these methods:
- Income Approach
- Direct Comparison Approach
- Cost Approach
- Reconcile the valuation approaches and conclude your estimate of the market value.
Hints on valuing your property
Highest and Best Use
The first step in estimating the value of your property is to determine the highest and best use.
What is the highest and best use?
Ask yourself: Who would likely buy your property? What would they do with it?
The highest and best use of the property may not be its current use. Neighbourhoods change, and the demand for certain types of land and buildings may also change.
Examples when the highest and best use might be different than the current use:
- A two-storey office building may not be the best use of a property near a new rapid transit station that has been rezoned for high-rise mixed use.
- Land that used to be a gas station may now be better suited for assembly to develop a new shopping plaza.
KEY: The highest and best use is the use that generates the highest value for the property. Market value (and your assessment) should be based on a property’s highest and best use.
You need to analyze the highest and best use whether you have a vacant property or an improved property (a property with buildings on it).
If the property already has improvements, the highest and best use can be:
- Keep what is there now: The value is based on the existing buildings.
- Modify what is there: Repair, renovate or expand the existing buildings.
- Redevelop the property: The current buildings have outlived their usefulness and the property is worth more without them. Tear down the existing improvements and redevelop. (For example, an older single-family house on a commercial strip. The property is zoned high-density commercial. The house does not add value except perhaps as interim use while permits are obtained to redevelop.)
Your land may have a high assessed value, but the building could have a low assessed value. This may be because BC Assessment believes that the current improvements are not contributing to the highest and best use of the property. When your improvement value is larger, this may be an indication that BC Assessment considers the current use of the property to be its highest and best use.
How do I analyze the highest and best use?
To complete a highest and best use analysis, you must ask four questions, in the following order:
- What are you allowed to build? ( “legally permissible”)
- Look up the zoning to see what you are legally allowed to build
- Review the Official Community Plan to see the municipality’s future plans for the property and the neighbourhood
- What are you able to build, physically?
- Consider the soil conditions and topography
- Consider how you access the property
- Look at existing services to the property and what services are needed
- Research if there are any restrictions in the size, height, density, placement of buildings
- See whether there will be sufficient parking on the property with any redevelopment
- Consider if the property is big enough to redevelop on its own or whether it needs to be assembled with neighbouring properties
- Which of these legal and physically possible uses are economical, or financially feasible? Analyze which of these uses are profitable.
- Of those financially feasible uses, which results in the highest value? Look at which use is the most profitable.
After completing this analysis, you can estimate the value of your property based on your conclusion on its highest and best use.
Estimating value using the Income Approach
What is the income approach?
The income approach estimates the value of a commercial property based on the income it can generate, its earning potential. If you are appealing a property that could produce income from rent, BC Assessment may have valued it using the income approach.
In the income approach, you analyze the future income potential of the property and capitalize that income into a value.
What are the steps in the income approach?
- Determine the economic rents
Actual value is based on economic rents. Economic rent is affected by many different factors, including the age and condition of the space, accessibility, parking availability, amenities, views, operating costs, management, and market conditions. The economic rent may not necessarily be the actual rents you are receiving for the property.
Consider the following questions:
- What rents are you receiving? Check if they are net lease or gross lease.
- Were there any new leases or lease renewals in the past year? Usually recent leases will be more reliable indicators of economic rent (as of the valuation date for the assessment) than older leases.
- If the building had vacant space, what could you have charged for rent around July 1 of the previous year (for example: July 1, 2019 for the 2020 assessment)?
- What are similar properties charging for rent? Are there any leases in competing buildings that were listed for lease recently?
- Does the property have unusual advantages or benefits that may allow higher rents to be achieved? Example: views, extra parking, proximity to transit.
- Are there any negative issues that affect the ability to lease the building or the rents you can charge? Example: a two-storey commercial building that does not have elevator access will be more difficult to lease.
- Apply other allowances
You also need to determine:
- The vacancy allowance
- The expense allowance (note: this allowance for expenses not recovered from tenants
- Calculate the net operating income
The calculation will usually look like this:
gross operating income (income from all sources)
less allowance for long term vacancies
less an expense allowance
equals net operating income
- Determine the market capitalization rate
You need details on the sales of similar properties. Analyze their income and expenses, stabilize these figures, and calculate the capitalization rate.
Stabilizing the figures is usually done by a professional appraiser who can ensure that the sales and your property are analyzed in a similar way so they can be properly compared.
- Calculate the market value of the property under appeal.
Take the net operating income and divide it by the market capitalization rate to calculate the market value of the property.
Hints on using the Income Approach
Estimating value using the Direct Comparison Approach
What is the direct comparison approach?
The direct comparison approach estimates the value of your property by comparing it with the sales of similar properties.
What are the steps in the direct comparison approach?
- Find properties that are similar and have recently sold
Look for properties that have sold and have the same highest and best use, the same zoning, and are located in the same general area.
Remember:
- Sales should be arm’s length transactions (sold to unrelated parties).
- Try to find properties that sold close to the July 1st valuation date (e.g. July 1, 2019 for the 2020 assessment) or within several months before and after this date.
- Select the best unit of comparison
Since properties are different, you need to compare them using common factors such as:
- For land: value per acre, value per square foot, value per frontage foot, or value per allowable buildable square foot
- For office buildings: value per square foot of gross leasable area, or value per square foot of gross building area
- For retail buildings: value per square foot of gross leasable area
- For industrial or warehouse buildings: value per square foot of gross leasable area or value per cubic foot of gross building volume
- For apartment buildings: value per unit, value per room, or value per square foot of building area
- Identify differences between your property and the sales or other special circumstances
What are differences between the sold properties and the property under appeal? Examples are:
- Special financing in place at time of sale (Did the seller provide the financing?)
- Leaseback of the property to the vendor
- Distressed sale (for example: bankruptcy)
- Market movement (between the valuation date of July 1, and the sale dates) - sometimes referred to as “time adjustment”
- Different zoning
- Location or access to transit
- Differences in quality, condition, or age of the improvements and parking
- Differences in land characteristics, including view, accessibility, servicing, and topography
- Make adjustments for the differences
First, apply any time adjustment for the difference in market values between the valuation date and the sale date. Second, you adjust for other differences you identified between your property and the sales. You can do this by using quantitative adjustments, qualitative adjustments, or a combination of both.
Quantitative Adjustments: You adjust for differences numerically by adding and subtracting dollar amounts or percentages to account for differences. If the sold property is inferior to yours, you add to its sale price. If the sold property is superior to yours, you subtract from its sale price.
For example: The comparable sold for $150,000. This sale property is superior to your property (either larger, better location, newer, etc.), and you estimate the adjustment to be 10% (or $15,000). Subtract $15,000 from the sale price to arrive at an adjusted sale price of $135,000.
Adjustments should be based on market evidence. Provide an explanation for why you chose to add or subtract value for a given feature and the amount of adjustments.
Qualitative Adjustments: You may adjust for differences by rating the quality of each sold property’s attributes in comparison to your property. You can rate the attributes with descriptive words such as “similar”, “inferior” and “superior. This analysis should lead you to determine that a sale, on an overall basis, is comparable to, inferior to, or superior to your property.
Ensure you provide explanations and market support for your ratings.
- Review the sales to arrive at a conclusion based on the Direct Comparison Approach
Usually, your analysis will not provide you with a single value. Often your adjusted sales will indicate a range of value for your property (for example, $60 to $70 per square foot of leasable area). You should provide an explanation of where in that range you think your property’s market value best fits.
Estimating value using the Cost Approach
What is the cost approach?
The cost approach estimates your property’s value based on the cost to replace the land with a similar property and replace the improvements. The replacement cost of the improvements is then depreciated to account for age and loss of functionality, or “obsolescence”.
The cost approach is not commonly used for income-producing properties because the market does not usually base the value on the cost to build. Usually, the value is based on the income the property generates.
The cost approach is often used with properties that do not commonly trade in the market or special purpose properties (for example, marinas or major industrial properties).
The principle for the cost approach is that a person will not pay more for a property than the cost to replace it.
What are the steps in the cost approach?
- Estimate the value of the land using the direct comparison approach
See the above section for the direct comparison approach.
- Estimate the replacement value of the improvements
Appraisers use costing manuals adjust for local conditions, typically the Marshall & Swift Manual. You may not have access to these manuals as they are not readily available. Another source is construction costs derived from local contractors.
- Adjust the replacement value by deducting depreciation (click to learn more)
Unless the building is brand new, you will deduct some depreciation for the age and usage of the building and any loss in utility from other factors (you may hear this called “obsolescence”). It is difficult to accurately estimate depreciation from all sources, especially for older buildings.
- Calculate the property value under the cost approach
The calculation will usually look like:
Land value
plus replacement value for all improvements
less depreciation/obsolescence on the improvements
equals total value under the cost approach
Conclusion on Market Value
Once you have analyzed the value using one or more of the above methods, you need to reach a conclusion on the market value of your property. Normally, the estimated values will be different under each approach. Therefore, you should determine which approach is most appropriate for your property, a process called reconciliation. Provide some reasons why you prefer one valuation approach over another.
Hints on your market value conclusion